Regional and local broadcasting in Europe – can the voice of the regions still be heard? A report on regional media in Europe published in September 2016.
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Availability date: 09/30/2016
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The structure of this study explores the following questions:
Regional and local broadcast media in Europe may appear for many as a last bastion of plurality, of vox populi and of democracy. The European Audiovisual Observatory, part of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, has just published a brand new IRIS Special analysis of the current state of regional and local broadcasting in Europe
This latest Observatory publication is based on research led by Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Tarlach McGonagle and Nico van Eijk, from the IViR of Amsterdam. It is composed of special contributions by media experts such as Elda Brogi, Jean-François Furnémont, Oliver Gerber, Gianna Iacino, Marc Janssen, Deirdre Kevin, Alina Ostling, Francesca Pellicanò, Benjamin Selier and Sophie Valais.
This new report offers a much-needed overview of regional audiovisual media in Europe in three sections.
Section I delivers a broad overview of current national developments and reforms in recent years
Section II the second digs deeper into individual national case studies of regional and local media – their distinctive features and regulatory approaches
Section III looks into the future of regional and local broadcasting.
Regional and local broadcasting in Europe – a new must-read report which takes the pulse of local media in our regions!
Part 1 - Overview
1. Introduction
1.1. The importance of regional audiovisual media
1.1.1. Terminology
1.2. Council of Europe framework
1.2.1. European Convention on Human Rights
1.2.2. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM)
1.2.3. The European Charter on Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)
1.2.4. Non-treaty-based standard-setting
1.2.4.1. Committee of Ministers
1.2.4.2. Parliamentary Assembly
1.2.4.3. Congress of Local and Regional Authorities
1.3. Structure of publication
2. Current national developments
2.1. United Kingdom: creating a regional audiovisual framework
2.1.1. Independent production exemptions
2.1.2. Media-ownership rules
2.2. Flexibility and funding
2.2.1. Switzerland
2.2.2. Spain
2.2.3. Germany
2.3. Consolidation and efficiency
2.3.1. The Netherlands
2.3.2. Portugal
2.4. Advertising and regional windows
2.4.1. Germany
2.4.2. Russian Federation
2.5. Must carry and the digital switchover
2.5.1. Romania
2.5.2. Russian Federation
2.5.3. France
2.5.4. The Netherlands: must-carry exemptions
2.6. Italy: frequency allocation
2.7. Closures
2.8. Conclusion
3. Regional and local pluralism: the Media Pluralism Monitor tool and the results of the 2015 implementation
3.1. Introducing the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM)
3.2. The MPM2015 approach to regional and local media
3.3. The MPM2015 analysis on regional and local media
3.3.1. Legal safeguards and support measures for regional and local media
3.3.2 The role of the PSM
3.4. The new version of the MPM in 2016
3.5. Conclusion
4. Regional and local television in Europe: a vast and varied panorama
4.1. The varied nature of public regional broadcasting in Europe
4.1.1. Distinct regional public broadcasting companies
4.1.2. Associated regional public broadcasting companies
4.1.3. National public broadcaster with sub-units for languages
4.1.4. Specific language channels (associated with specific regions)
4.1.5. Regional public service channels of the national public broadcasters
4.1.6. Regional (broadcast) windows of national public broadcasters
4.1.7. Regional studios of national public broadcasters as production centres
4.2. The private side of regional and local television
Part 2 – Regional and local broadcasting in selected countries
5. Germany
5.1. General Introduction
5.2. Regulatory Framework
5.2.1. Regional window programmes
5.2.2. Regional advertising
5.2.3. Opt-out clause
5.2.4. Platform occupancy
5.3. Market Overview
5.4. Recent developments
5.4.1. Federal Administrative Court’s decision on regional advertising and its consequences
5.4.2. Regional windows: procedural rules and constitutionality
5.5. Current and future challenges
6. Italy
6.1. General introduction
6.2. The legal framework: the “local scope” and the fundamental principle of the local media activity
6.3. Regulatory overview, the market, and the financing of the sector
6.4. A specific aspect of the Italian system: the “regional public service broadcasting”
6.5. Recent developments
6.6. Conclusions
7. The Netherlands
7.1. General introduction
7.2. Regulatory framework
7.3. Market overview
7.4. Specific issues regarding regional public broadcasting in the Netherlands
7.5. Recent developments
7.6. Concluding remarks
8. France
8.1. General introduction
8.2. Regulatory aspects concerning regional and local channels
8.2.1. Authorisation procedures
8.2.2. The regional public service offer
8.2.3. Local variations of the national channels
8.2.4. Local channels operated by local authorities
8.2.5. Arrangements to counter concentration
8.2.6. Regulation of content and advertising
8.2.7. The must-carry obligation incumbent on local public-sector channels
8.3. The local and regional television landscape in France
8.3.1. Overview
8.3.2. Characteristics of the regional and local channels
8.3.3. Income and economic viability
8.3.4. France 3
8.4. Final comments
9. Spain
9.1. General introduction
9.2. Regulatory framework
9.3. Market overview
9.4. Specific issues
9.5. Recent developments
9.6. Current and future challenges
10. Switzerland
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Legal parameters
10.2.1. The broadcasting remit in the Federal Constitution
10.2.2. Legislation of regional public service TV
10.2.2.1. Typology of broadcasters in the law
10.2.2.2. Award of a concession
10.2.2.3. Regional remit with input and output criteria
10.2.2.4. Right to a share of broadcast-reception licence fees (fee-splitting)
10.2.2.5. Coverage areas
10.2.2.6. Must-carry privilege
10.2.2.7. Supervision
10.3. Challenges
10.4. Ongoing developments
10.4.1. More fee-splitting
10.4.2. Relaxing the advertising rules
10.4.3. Subsidised subtitling
10.4.4. Promotion of digitisation
10.4.5. Relaxation of the rules on competitive concentration
10.4.6. Abolition of the regional restriction on distribution
10.5. Outlook
10.5.1. Public service broadcasting and imminent renewal of concessions
10.5.2. Success through co-operation?
11. United Kingdom
11.1. General introduction
11.2. Regulatory framework
11.3. Market overview
11.4. Specific issues
11.5. Recent developments
11.6. Current and future challenges
Part 3 – The future of regional and local broadcasting
12. Viable local and regional television channels
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Hostile economic context
12.3. Unfavourable developments in consumption modes
12.4. Grounds for optimism
12.5. The absence of a model
12.6. Conclusion: determining elements
13. Concluding remarks
Online Services
Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory
Database on legal information relevant to the audiovisual sector in Europe
Database on the transposition of the AVMS Directive into national legislation
Database on admissions to films released in Europe
The European film directory on European films available on VOD services in Europe
Database on TV and on-demand audiovisual services and companies in Europe